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Mirzā Ghulām Ahmad (; 13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam. He claimed to have been divinely appointed as the promised Messiah and Mahdi, in the likeness of Jesus (''mathīl-iʿIsā''), in fulfilment of Islam's eschatological prophecies, as well as the Mujaddid (renewer) of Islam. 〔Adil Hussain Khan. ("From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" ) Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 p 42〕〔"The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid", from the "Call of Islam", by Maulana Muhammad Ali〕 In 1888, he announced that he had been divinely instructed to take a pledge of allegiance from his supporters and form a community and stipulated ten conditions of initiation,〔http://www.alislam.org/apps/cob/webapp/ Ten Conditions of Bai’at〕 taking the pledge at Ludhiana from about forty of his supporters on 23 March 1889. An event that marks the formal establishment of the Ahmadiyya movement. 〔Friedmann, ''The Ahmadiyya Movement: A Historical Survey'', ISBN 965-264-014-X, p. 5〕〔Adil Hussain Khan. ("From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" ) Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 p 38-9〕 The mission of the movement, according to him, was the revival of Islam through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and the global propagation of Islam in its pristine form. As opposed to the mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards the end of time, Ghulam Ahmad asserted that he had in fact survived crucifixion and migrated to Kashmir, where he died a natural death and that the notion of his physical return was therefore erroneous. He traveled extensively across the Punjab preaching his religious ideas and rallied support by combining a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well as considerable hostility particularly from the Muslim ''Ulema''. He is known to have engaged in numerous public debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists. Ghulam Ahmad was a prolific writer and had authored more than ninety books on various religious, theological and moral aspects between the publication of his first major work, ''Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya'' (The Proofs of Islam) in the early 1880s up until his death in May 1908.〔http://www.alislam.org/library/links/80-books.html Introducing the books of the Promised Messiah〕〔http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Hidden-Treasures-of-Islam.pdf An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam〕 Many of his works bear a polemical and apologetic tone in favour of Islam, seeking to establish its superiority as a religion through rational argumentation, often by articulating his own interpretations of Islamic teachings. 〔Adil Hussain Khan. ("From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" ) Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 p 6〕 〔Brannon Ingram, 'Ahmadi Muslim Americans' in E. E Curtis. ("Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History" ) Infobase Publishing, 2010 p 32〕 He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the permissibility and necessity of military Jihad in the present age.〔 By the time of his death, he had built an effective and dynamic religious organisation with an executive body and its own printing press at Qadian, his home town. After his death he was succeeded by his close companion Hakīm Noor-ud-Dīn who assumed the title of ''Khalīfatul Masīh'' (successor of the Messiah). Although Ghulam Ahmad is revered by Ahmadi Muslims as the promised Messiah and Imām Mahdi, yet Muhammad remains the primary prophet in Ahmadiyya Islam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Holy Prophet: The Messenger of Allah and the Seal of Prophets )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Ahmadiyya Muslim Understanding of Finality of Prophethood )〕 Ghulam Ahmad’s claim to be a subordinate (''ummati'') prophet ''within'' Islam has remained a central point of controversy between his followers and mainstream Muslims, who believe Muhammad to be the last prophet and await the physical return of Jesus.〔Yohanan Friedmann. ("Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background" ) Oxford University Press, 2003 p 132〕 ==Lineage and family== Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s lineage through his forefathers can be traced back to Mirza Hadi Beg, a descendant of the Mughal Barlas tribe.〔Adil Hussain Khan. ("From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" ) Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 ISBN 978-0253015297 p 21〕 The Barlas tribe was of Turco-Mongol ancestry.〔Adil Hussain Khan. ("From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" ) Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 ISBN 978-0253015297 p 21〕 In 1530 Mirza Hadi Beg migrated from Samarkand〔("Faith and Thought" ) Vol. 37. The Victoria Institute, Great Britain. (original from the University of Michigan) p 242〕 (present-day Uzbekistan) along with an entourage of two hundred persons consisting of his family, servants and followers.〔(Hadhrat Ahmad ) by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad〕〔http://www.apnaorg.com/books/punjab-chiefs/ The Panjab Chiefs by Sir Lepel Griffin (1865 ed.)〕 Travelling through Samarkand, they finally settled in the Punjab, India, where Mirza Hadi founded the town known today as Qadian during the reign of the Mughal King Zaheer al-Din Babur. The family were all known as Mughals within the British governmental records of India probably due to the high positions it occupied within the Mughal empire and their courts. Mirza Hadi Beg was granted a Jagir of several hundred villages and was appointed the Qadhi (judge) of Qadian and the surrounding district. The descendants of Mirza Hadi are said to have held important positions within the Mughal empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mirza Ghulam Ahmad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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